Why giant squid, the once mythical kraken of the deep, are still mystifying scientists 150 years after they were discovered

The Kraken, the mythical beast of the sea, is real.

Giant squid live in the dark depths of the ocean, and very little is known about them to this day.

Most of what the world has learned about the gargantuan creature , which can grow up to 40 feet long and live in a world devoid of sunlight, is taken from their floating carcasses, or from the belly of sperm whales.

Until 2005, no scientist had ever photographed a living giant squid. One hadn't been filmed until 2013. But scientists believe there are millions of them out there.

In June, a NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research expedition captured the first footage of a giant squid in American waters.

The New Yorker's David Grann wrote that giant squid can be "larger than a whale and stronger than an elephant, with a beak that can sever steel cables."

Here's what is known about the mysterious beast, and why so much is still not known.

Living 1,300 to 3,000 feet down in the ocean, giant squid inhabit the deepest, darkest places in the world. No one knows for sure how long they live for, how they find partners, how they migrate, where they lay their eggs, or even if they make any sounds. To put it bluntly, the giant squid remains a mystery.

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Nhk/Nep/Discovery Channel/NHK/NEP/DISCOVERY CHANNEL/AFP

Sources: Smithsonian Magazine , The Atlantic , BBC , National Museum of Natural History

Genetics show theyve been around for about 730,000 years. Theyve been in human legends for hundreds of years. Giant squid are the inspiration for the "Kraken" in Norse mythology, and the beasts in Jules Vernes book "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea."

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Wikimedia

Sources: Smithsonian Magazine , The New York Times , BBC

One particularly good story was written in "The Natural History of Norway" in 1755, which described the giant squid as being as large as "a number of small islands," and when the giant squid began to sink, it caused whirlpools that sucked everyone down with it.

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Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group / Getty

Source: BBC

Until about 150 years ago, most people didnt think they were real. They were sea monsters made up by sailors. But their existence started to become more plausible. One factor was finding sucker scars, like burn marks all over sperm whales, their main predator. Their beaks have also been found in the whales stomachs. These were signs of the deep sea battles waged between whale and squid.

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Wikimedia

Source: The New Yorker

In 1857, Japetus Steenstrup, a Danish zoologist at the University of Copenhagen, introduced the giant squid into the scientific community. After studying a beak that washed up in Denmark, he published his research and confirmed to the world the giant squid was in fact real. He named them Architeuthis Dux, which is Latin for "ruling squid."

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Wikimedia

Sources: Smithsonian Magazine , The Conversation , BBC

In 1873, three fisherman in Conception Bay, Newfoundland, came upon a giant squid that tried to sink their boat. They fought it off, and the squid escaped after releasing dark clouds of ink. But the fishermen managed to secure 19 feet of tentacle more proof of the mythic squids existence.

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Wikimedia

Source: Smithsonian Magazine

What made the giant squid tantalizing was that their carcasses washed up reasonably often, but it was unheard of for anyone, other than fishermen, to see them alive.

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NTNU Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, 1954

Source: Slate

The reason so many carcasses have been found by fisherman is because giant squid are filled with ammonium ions, which are lighter than seawater, causing them to float after they die.

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The Asahi Shimbun / Getty

Source: "Shark Trouble: True Stories and Lessons About the Sea"

In 1997, US National Geographic tried to use sperm whales to study the giant squid. They attached video cameras, hoping to see the whale eating the squid. But they werent successful.

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Day Donaldson/Flickr

Sources: Smithsonian Magazine , Sydney Morning Herald

Despite Streenstrups early success, few people have been able to make a career out of studying giant squid alone, again because they appear so rarely. For marine ecologist Angel Guerra, who here is dissecting a giant squid, its like a "hobby."

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Fernando Camino / Getty

Sources: The Atlantic , The New Yorker

New Zealand marine biologist Steve OShea, whom The New Yorker dubbed "The Squid Hunter," was for a time one of the most well-known giant squid scientists. His quest began in 1996, and ended in 2011.

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Wikimedia

Asked why he kept going for so long, he told Business Insider he made a vow after a failed attempt to chronicle the life of giant squid from being a juvenile, onwards.

"At the end of it all, camera thrown in my face, tears streaming, dreams destroyed, lifeless corpses of juvenile giant squid in the palm of my hand, I recall vowing to continue my insane quest until I achieved what I'd set out to do, or someone else did," he said.

One of OSheas goals had been to unveil giant squid to the public in an aquarium. He wanted everyone, not just scientists and fishermen, to experience "the majesty of these animals" up close and personal, rather than watching a fleeting, grainy image on a television screen.

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Ian Nicholson / PA images / Getty

In 2003, OShea led a team trying to document the giant squid as they migrated into New Zealand waters. His plan was to grind up squid sex organs and squirt them into the water to get squids to mate with the camera lens.

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Fernando Camino / Cover / Getty

He told BBC , "The freezer bag at home to my wife's disgust is actually full of giant squid gonad samples. We're going to grind all of this up, and we're going to have this puree coming out from the camera, squirting into the water."

He said "the dream" was to get "sensational footage of the giant squid trying to do "obscene things" with the camera. The experiment failed .

Then, on September 30, 2004, the giant squid became a little less mythic. Marine biologists Tsunemi Kubodera and Kyoichi Mori took the first-ever photo of a living giant squid off the coast of Japans Chichijima Island, where sperm whales were recorded with suction marks.

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Google Maps

Sources: The Sydney Morning Herald , BBC

They lowered a hook with a camera and bait down 3,000 feet. A giant squid attacked, and used its tentacles to envelop the bait, like a python envelopes its prey. After four hours of trying to free its tentacles, it died.

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National Science Museum / AP

Sources: The Sydney Morning Herald , BBC

Tsunemi said the incident changed the perception of giant squid being a laid-back, deep-sea drifter, and gave way to an image of a quick and agile predator of the deep.

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Eriko Sugita / Reuters

Sources: Slate , PBS

Tsunemi was on a roll. In 2006, his team published the first video of a live giant squid. It was relatively small, at 110 pounds and 11 feet long, but it was the first moving pictures of the creature. "Nobody has ever seen a live giant squid except fishermen," he told Reuters.

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Tsunemi Kubodera of the National Science Museum of Japan, HO/AP

Sources: Slate , BBC , Reuters

In 2007, a 6.5-foot long, 550-pound giant squid washed up in Tasmania. With its tentacles it measured 26 feet the same length as a bus. Tasmanian Museum curator David Pemberton said it was one of the biggest ever discovered. The squid was thought to be feeding on grenadier fish in Australias cold winter waters.

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Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery / Simon Cuthbert / Handout / Reuters

Sources: Reuters , CBC , Sydney Morning Herald

In 2012, the giant squid was recorded in its natural habitat for the first time. The trick to it was using a camera, designed by marine biologist Edith Widder, which emitted a blue light, like the light produced by a type of jellyfish known as Atolla. The squid they caught on camera wrapped itself around the camera, and confirmed to the scientists that it was a predator.

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Discovery Channel

Sources: BBC , NPR , Edith Widder's TED talk

Widder told the BBC there were probably millions in the oceans, since they kept so many sperm whales fed. Its because humans scared them off that more hadnt been seen. So, knowing this, she designed a camera without thrusters or a motor. The only illumination was red light thats invisible to deep-sea animals, because they have adapted to primarily seeing blue.

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Eric Risberg / AP

Source: BBC , NPR

OShea was on board for the momentous occasion. "This proved to be the last time I would be in front of the camera chasing this infernal animal," he said. "When Ku achieved the end game, securing the most stunning imagery of the animal alive, there was no further need for folk like me or my dreams."

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Discovery Channel

More evidence was gathered in 2016, when a young female giant squid weighing 231 pounds washed up dead on the Bares peninsula in Spain. Its death pointed to the possibility that giant squid kill each other for food piracy.

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Alonso Gonzalez / Reuters

In northern Spain waters, giant squid feed on fish called blue whiting, which swim near the surface. The giant squid has to ascend to the surface to catch them. Scientists thought what might have happened was that a second squid might have attacked it on its return to the deep, and stole its food .

After the altercation, scientists thought it could have floated back up to warmer water, which decreases blood flow in squid, and causes something close to asphyxiation. In such a state, it wouldn't have been able to fight the current, which dragged it to shore.

In June 2019, about 100 miles southwest of New Orleans in the Gulf of Mexico, the first giant squid was caught on camera in American waters. Nathan Robinson, who headed the team, found the clip after reviewing 20 hours hours of footage. "My heart felt like exploding," he told The New York Times.

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NOAA

Sources: The New York Times , CNN , Smithsonian

The discovery was important, because the giant squid was filmed not far from one of the largest deepwater oil rigs in the world. Snke Johnsen, a Duke University biology professor, told The Times it dispelled the notion of a monster lurking in remote waters.

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Gerald Herbert/AP

Sources: The New York Times , CNN , Smithsonian

"You could be out here, and beneath you are giant squid, the things of our wildest imagination! Theyre part of our land, theyre part of our country," Johnsen told The Times.

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Dant Fenolio/NOAA

Source: The New York Times

For now, the largest recorded giant squid measured up to 43 feet. Their cousin, the colossal squid, can grow up to 45 feet long, but scientists think giant squid can grow up to 66 feet.

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Joe Armao / Fairfax Media / Getty

Source: Smithsonian Ocean

Both colossal and giant squid have the largest eyes on the planet, up to 12 inches wide as big as a basketball. Scientists think its because theyre necessary to see clouds of bioluminescence, which let them know when a sperm whale is approaching.

BusinessInsider USA Images

Fernando Camino / Cover / Getty

Sources: The New York Times , The Daily Mail , BBC , Smithsonian Ocean

Their sharp beak in the center of their arms slices its prey into little pieces, which are then ground down by a tongue-like organ covered in teeth. When the giant squid was filmed in 2014, it didnt shred the bait, as expected, but took small bites, slowly consuming the shrimp, so it didnt choke.

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David Paul, Museum Victoria

Sources: Smithsonian Ocean , BBC

Giant squid have eight arms, and use two long tentacles to seize their prey. But their tentacles dont have any muscle to constrict prey. So if it comes face to face with a sperm whale, its only option is to flee.

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Christophe Archambault / AFP / Getty

Sources: Smithsonian Ocean , The Conversation

Clyde Roper, a retired giant squid hunter, told the BBC that if an animal was snared by enough of the suction cups, then it would be impossible to escape.

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Mark Norman, Museum Victoria

Source: BBC

American explorer and underwater filmmaker Scott Cassell told Business Insider that giant squid should be considered an "indicator species," since they dont live long, and theyre prolific, occupying every ocean.

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Scott Cassell.

"They can offer valuable clues to oceanic health, both in distribution of species they rely on as food and for species that rely on them as food. In a way theyre the center-point species," he said. "Sadly, the open sea is a terrible business partner and there is little pay-off for saving our oceans, and huge profits in killing it, overfishing, mining, shipping, and it seems that paradigm wont change anytime soon."

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NOAA OER/Journey into Midnight/Photo by Dant Fenolio

But much about the giant squid still remains unknown, and because of warming waters and oceans becoming more acidic, the species could die out without humans ever knowing.

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Jacquelyn Martin / AP

Source: The New York Times

For now, they remain mysterious, elusive, and hard to catch. As Roper told BBC, due to their size and creepiness, its easy to imagine them as violent beasts.

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John B. Carnett / Bonnier Corp. / Getty

Source: BBC

"Humans need their monsters," he said.

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William West / AFP / Getty

Source: BBC

Why giant squid, the once mythical kraken of the deep, are still mystifying scientists 150 years after they were discovered

Genetics show theyve been around for about 730,000 years. Theyve been in human legends for hundreds of years. Giant squid are the inspiration for the "Kraken" in Norse mythology, and the beasts in Jules Vernes book "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea."

One particularly good story was written in "The Natural History of Norway" in 1755, which described the giant squid as being as large as "a number of small islands," and when the giant squid began to sink, it caused whirlpools that sucked everyone down with it.

In 1873, three fisherman in Conception Bay, Newfoundland, came upon a giant squid that tried to sink their boat. They fought it off, and the squid escaped after releasing dark clouds of ink. But the fishermen managed to secure 19 feet of tentacle more proof of the mythic squids existence.

What made the giant squid tantalizing was that their carcasses washed up reasonably often, but it was unheard of for anyone, other than fishermen, to see them alive.

The reason so many carcasses have been found by fisherman is because giant squid are filled with ammonium ions, which are lighter than seawater, causing them to float after they die.

In 1997, US National Geographic tried to use sperm whales to study the giant squid. They attached video cameras, hoping to see the whale eating the squid. But they werent successful.

Despite Streenstrups early success, few people have been able to make a career out of studying giant squid alone, again because they appear so rarely. For marine ecologist Angel Guerra, who here is dissecting a giant squid, its like a "hobby."

New Zealand marine biologist Steve OShea, whom The New Yorker dubbed "The Squid Hunter," was for a time one of the most well-known giant squid scientists. His quest began in 1996, and ended in 2011.

One of OSheas goals had been to unveil giant squid to the public in an aquarium. He wanted everyone, not just scientists and fishermen, to experience "the majesty of these animals" up close and personal, rather than watching a fleeting, grainy image on a television screen.

In 2003, OShea led a team trying to document the giant squid as they migrated into New Zealand waters. His plan was to grind up squid sex organs and squirt them into the water to get squids to mate with the camera lens.

Then, on September 30, 2004, the giant squid became a little less mythic. Marine biologists Tsunemi Kubodera and Kyoichi Mori took the first-ever photo of a living giant squid off the coast of Japans Chichijima Island, where sperm whales were recorded with suction marks.

They lowered a hook with a camera and bait down 3,000 feet. A giant squid attacked, and used its tentacles to envelop the bait, like a python envelopes its prey. After four hours of trying to free its tentacles, it died.

Tsunemi said the incident changed the perception of giant squid being a laid-back, deep-sea drifter, and gave way to an image of a quick and agile predator of the deep.

Tsunemi was on a roll. In 2006, his team published the first video of a live giant squid. It was relatively small, at 110 pounds and 11 feet long, but it was the first moving pictures of the creature. "Nobody has ever seen a live giant squid except fishermen," he told Reuters.

OShea was on board for the momentous occasion. "This proved to be the last time I would be in front of the camera chasing this infernal animal," he said. "When Ku achieved the end game, securing the most stunning imagery of the animal alive, there was no further need for folk like me or my dreams."

More evidence was gathered in 2016, when a young female giant squid weighing 231 pounds washed up dead on the Bares peninsula in Spain. Its death pointed to the possibility that giant squid kill each other for food piracy.

In June 2019, about 100 miles southwest of New Orleans in the Gulf of Mexico, the first giant squid was caught on camera in American waters. Nathan Robinson, who headed the team, found the clip after reviewing 20 hours hours of footage. "My heart felt like exploding," he told The New York Times.

The discovery was important, because the giant squid was filmed not far from one of the largest deepwater oil rigs in the world. Snke Johnsen, a Duke University biology professor, told The Times it dispelled the notion of a monster lurking in remote waters.

"You could be out here, and beneath you are giant squid, the things of our wildest imagination! Theyre part of our land, theyre part of our country," Johnsen told The Times.

For now, the largest recorded giant squid measured up to 43 feet. Their cousin, the colossal squid, can grow up to 45 feet long, but scientists think giant squid can grow up to 66 feet.

Both colossal and giant squid have the largest eyes on the planet, up to 12 inches wide as big as a basketball. Scientists think its because theyre necessary to see clouds of bioluminescence, which let them know when a sperm whale is approaching.

Their sharp beak in the center of their arms slices its prey into little pieces, which are then ground down by a tongue-like organ covered in teeth. When the giant squid was filmed in 2014, it didnt shred the bait, as expected, but took small bites, slowly consuming the shrimp, so it didnt choke.

Giant squid have eight arms, and use two long tentacles to seize their prey. But their tentacles dont have any muscle to constrict prey. So if it comes face to face with a sperm whale, its only option is to flee.

Clyde Roper, a retired giant squid hunter, told the BBC that if an animal was snared by enough of the suction cups, then it would be impossible to escape.

American explorer and underwater filmmaker Scott Cassell told Business Insider that giant squid should be considered an "indicator species," since they dont live long, and theyre prolific, occupying every ocean.

But much about the giant squid still remains unknown, and because of warming waters and oceans becoming more acidic, the species could die out without humans ever knowing.

For now, they remain mysterious, elusive, and hard to catch. As Roper told BBC, due to their size and creepiness, its easy to imagine them as violent beasts.

"Humans need their monsters," he said.

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