Cindy Kuzma

The <a href="https://www.menshealth.com/nutrition/a19543627/sweet-potato-fries-vs-french-fries/" id="db2d8dd3-6d2d-3b71-a38d-859abfda1957"> smell of french fries </a> drifts through the food court; pepperoni sizzles in a pizza commercial. Your senses lead to your brain retrieving memories from your hippocampus and moving them into your working memory. Feel-good neurochemicals dopamine and opioids start to trickle into your reward-focused areas.

If you intervene right now, youre more likely to resist the temptation. So try to distract yourself by taking a brisk stroll or playing a visual game that commandeers your working memory, like Tetris.

Your orbitofrontal cortex hops into the game. This region evaluates memory, senses, and current experiences to determine how good the decision is to ingest chocolate or Cheetos. The drive to repeat a past pleasant experience grows stronger and turns physical, firing up your autonomic nervous system.

Escape further cues by placing physical barriers between you and temptation. Stash the ice cream way back in the freezer. Choose a route home from work that wont take you past the yellow arches.

<h1> Decision: Self-control checks you-or doesnt </h1>

Your dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, situated toward the front of your head, factors in any long-term consequences of your actions, social norms, and other motives for restraint. And fair warning: If youre hungry, sleep- deprived, or stressed, youre far more likely to cave in to your junk-food craving.

Focus on the downsides or imagine that doughnut fell on a filthy floor. A brain-imaging study showed that these thought exercises immediately increased activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

<h1> Concession: Doomed at first bite </h1>

One nibble engages nearly all your senses, delivering a payload of sensory data to your gustatory cortex. Flavor-seeking cells throughout your digestive system send signals of pleasure back to your brain. Dopamine and opioids flow freely, and its hard to stop eating before the whole bag, bar, or box is kaput.

Regular exercise strengthens your dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, perhaps by sparking the flow of blood-rich in oxygen, hormones, and stored glycogen. The more often you sweat, the <a href="https://www.menshealth.com/weight-loss/a19554961/is-this-your-addiction/" id="5296da04-cb3b-3729-a388-cf6c00212399"> stronger your discipline </a> may be.

Neuroscientists Explain How to Resist Junk Food

The need for something gooey, crispy, or sweet seizes everyone's brain at some point. But you don't have to <a href="https://www.menshealth.com/health/a23508971/giving-up-junk-food-withdrawal/" id="87da472d-8465-370d-a087-0951e640dc99"> reach for junk </a> . Fight back against the four stages of cravings with these tips from neuroscientists Peter Hall, Ph.D. of the University of Waterloo, and Nicole Avena, Ph.D. of Mount Sinai Health System.

Resist Food Cravings With Advice From Neuroscientists

But when you train hard for years, your heart undergoes more significant changes to adapt to the load, consequences experts sometimes refer to as athletes heart.

The long-term implications arent completely understood. Some research suggests the link between training and heart disease risk is more of a <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26187713" id="c406d37a-f358-33cb-a45b-813526a8d553"> </a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26187713" id="da4f8e9d-6458-351e-ac21-f78da019e961"> U-shaped curve </a> than a declining slope. In other words, your odds of heart trouble decline as you go from sedentary to moderately active. But when you work your heart vigorously for hours a day, your risk may start to rise again.

Theres a sweet spot of moderation in which we can maximize our health from a cardiovascular standpoint, says <a href="https://intermountainhealthcare.org/find-a-doctor/b/bunch-t-jared/" id="908fe72a-30ba-3620-a090-7db2d4d922ca"> Jared Bunch, M.D. </a> , medical director of heart rhythm services for the Intermountain Healthcare Heart Institute and a member of the <a href="https://www.acc.org/membership/sections-and-councils/sports-and-exercise-cardiology-section" id="c590c4df-d711-3b7a-a5ee-5b0f0bb67c7a"> American College of Cardiology Sports Council Leadership Committee </a> .

However, the data is far from definitive, says <a href="http://www.essexcardiologygroup.com/jeffrey-lander.htm" id="84f4f2d4-91a3-3e50-a553-ef93b686263c"> </a> <a href="http://www.essexcardiologygroup.com/jeffrey-lander.htm" id="324be0a3-e96b-30bb-a066-209ae6870825"> Jeffrey Lander, M.D </a> ., associate director of Sports Cardiology at Morristown Medical Center in New Jersey. Long-term research is still needed to understand the way heart problems manifest in athletes. Changes that look harmful in the highly fit might not lead to the same outcomes as they do in the less active.

As they continue to study the issue, cardiologists concur: Merely being athletic doesnt offer immunity to heart problems. If you have symptoms-including chest pain, shortness of breath, or a sudden and unexplained drop in your athletic ability-see a doctor.

In addition, while athletes heart doesnt necessarily require treatment, it can mimic the signs of serious heart problems. So its good for athletes and their health care providers to know the basics.

Years of endurance training-think running and cycling-place high demands on your hearts ability to power hard-working muscles. To catch up, your body works to boost whats called cardiac output, or the amount of blood it pumps out in liters per minute, says <a href="https://doctors.beaumont.org/provider/Justin+E+Trivax/225771" id="70b88d0e-8710-3c44-a85d-592a2701ac73"> </a> <a href="https://doctors.beaumont.org/provider/Justin+E+Trivax/225771" id="77c95e1a-fc88-3226-ab61-20c41e2ec861"> Justin Trivax, M.D. </a> , medical director of the Cardiovascular Performance Clinic at Beaumont Hospital in Michigan.

The main upgrade required is an enlargement of the left ventricle, which does the heavy lifting when it comes to pushing oxygen-rich blood out through the aorta to the rest of the body. The muscular walls of this chamber thicken and the space inside expands. Meanwhile, the hearts other chambers work hard to keep up, also enlarging.

That increase in cardiac output means your heart doesnt have to work as hard when youre not at the gym, Dr. Trivax says. Thats why athletes often have resting heart rates that might cause alarm in anyone else.

Strength training, too, alters the heart. Unlike endurance training, where we get a big volume challenge to the heart, with strength training its a big pressure challenge, Dr. Lander says.

Lifters-especially those who bear down and hold their breath, using the Valsalva maneuver-cause temporary but significant spikes in their blood pressure. As they repeat this over time, the walls of their heart can thicken, though the left ventricle doesnt typically enlarge as it does in endurance athletes, Dr. Lander says.

<h1> What are the consequences of athlete's heart? </h1>

These alterations to the heart are part of what powers you to the finish line or to your new deadlift max. But they may not be completely benign. In endurance athletes, patches of scar-like tissue called fibrosis may form as the hearts chambers stretch, potentially altering the way electrical signals travel through your heart, Dr. Bunch says.

Indeed, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24256074" id="c86df90d-af46-3848-a5d8-7c8ff15d1b1d"> </a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24256074" id="4e1b2060-7811-3014-ae6b-e08720276b84"> ma </a> ny (but <a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCEP.117.005598" id="08db5452-66c8-3f73-a7cc-d5f709cf6f70"> </a> <a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCEP.117.005598" id="dc768c22-1be3-3584-a0ef-bb3cc989a996"> not </a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25604001" id="946809b2-dfcb-3d04-a955-e564469749e8"> </a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25604001" id="32130638-de8e-3cf8-a5e9-091fc69df26d"> all </a> ) <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19633305" id="37a19d05-cc27-3893-afa1-903135969a64"> </a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19633305" id="264b0418-9126-31e5-ae26-62272f8f2947"> studies </a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30544416" id="2843cecd-7d5e-319e-a615-d54f95cfb4d7"> </a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30544416" id="2bf5ba4e-d43d-318f-a351-94135eaddcf9"> show </a> middle-aged and older endurance athletes, especially men, have higher rates of a dangerous type of arrhythmia called atrial fibrillation. This occurs when the hearts upper chambers quiver and beat out of sync. Atrial fibrillation can cause symptoms like weakness, shortness of breath, and a drop in athletic capacity, and contribute to the risk of conditions like stroke and heart failure, Dr. Trivax says.

These changes may take about three to four months to develop, and occur primarily in people who train more than an hour a day or 420 hours per year, Dr. Bunch says.

For reference, the latest <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2712935" id="103bd412-867a-33f5-a972-c70acd9db711"> exercise guidelines </a> for Americans-published in November in JAMA-recommend healthy adults log either 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) to 300 minutes (5 hours) a week of moderate-intensity exercise, or75 minutes (1 hour and 15 minutes) to 150 minutes of vigorous activity, per week.

While more than five hours weekly of moderate movement may confer added health benefits, the 17 experts on the guidelines drafting committee stopped short of making the same claim for additional vigorous workouts.

Theres also evidence that long-time endurance athletes have higher levels of <a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026964" id="ce7e6240-1b4f-33f1-ac91-8d242564de18"> </a> <a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026964" id="48b6d26c-2e24-3967-a82e-44a6bab949dc"> coronary artery calcium </a> , a hard buildup in blood vessels that can contribute to heart attacks. But what isnt yet clear is whether calcium buildup poses the same risk in athletes as it does in the less active, Dr. Lander says.

A <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2722746" id="f7f74910-b044-36a9-a947-0ea0350512af"> </a> <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2722746" id="e3ebd16d-2ee3-39c0-a4b3-4fbfdedd8f89"> study </a> published in February in JAMA Cardiology found although people who exercised a lot-the equivalent of running six miles at 10-minute pace per day-had more calcium buildup, but that didnt correlate to an increased risk of death from heart disease. In fact, any way the researchers sliced it, the risk of dying was lower for the well-trained than the sedentary.

<h1> What should you do about athlete's heart? </h1>

Elites and pros typically undergo heart testing, and Dr. Trivax suggests recreational athletes do the same: Anyone who is participating in routine exercise should have some cardiovascular workup, especially if theyre pushing themselves to the extremes, he says.

This type of screening can detect impending problems that increase your risk of a sudden heart event during physical activity. For instance, your doc might spot early warning signs of aortic dissection-a tear in the wall of the aorta thats often fatal, and can be brought on by the pressure changes that occur with strength training.

One problem: signs of the athletes heart can look very similar to cardiomyopathies, diseases of the heart muscle that can either be inherited or develop due to other conditions, like high blood pressure or diabetes. Often, cardiomyopathies contribute to an athletes sudden death on the field or in a race, Dr. Lander says.

Telling the difference can be tricky-but more advanced procedures, such as cardiac MRIs, are giving cardiologists more tools to make the distinction, Dr. Lander says. If its still unclear, your doctor might have you stop training for a little while to see how your heart responds; many signs of the athletes heart decrease after a couple of months off, he says.

If you do have an underlying cardiomyopathy or other illness, a sports cardiologist can work with you on the safest way to approach your workouts, Dr. Trivax says.

Otherwise, athletes heart isnt an illness or a condition like heart failure or high blood pressure. So, it doesnt require treatment on its own.

What it should prompt, however, is vigilance, Dr. Trivax says. Fortunately, athletes are tuned in to their bodies-and tools like heart rate monitors (and even the <a href="https://www.menshealth.com/health/a26839633/apple-heart-health-study/" id="72e84c4b-c092-3ae9-a5df-7d5e36f69541"> Apple Watch </a> ) provide additional data.

Talk to your doc if you feel your heart racing, skipping, or jumping when it shouldnt, or if you notice sudden and unexplained changes in your heart rate-say, a resting rate of 70 when its normally 50, or a spike to 180 on a sprint or climb where you normally max out at 130, Dr. Trivax says. And, make sure your doctor knows if you have a family history of heart problems.

Other red flags include passing out during exercise, chest pain, and just overall feeling like your performance is off for no apparent reason. These are more subtle-not reaching your peak goals that you were able to reach before, or feeling like youre really pushing harder than you used to, Dr. Lander says. Or even if you're talking about a team sport, just all of a sudden feeling like youre not able to keep up with teammates and nothing else has changed.

If you do develop atrial fibrillation or another heart problem, treatment can sometimes prove challenging. Many cardiac drugs arent ideal for athletes due to side effects like dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities, poor performance, and muscle aches.

Thats another reason to see a sports-focused cardiologist, Dr. Trivax says. He or she can work to balance risks and benefits with an eye to your athletic endeavors.

<h1> How can you avoid athlete's heart? </h1>

You can also do a lot to protect your heart outside the doctors office, Dr. Bunch says. The same lifestyle advice that applies broadly-eating a nutritious diet, getting enough sleep, and not smoking-also holds true for athletes.

In addition, use caution with energy drinks and supplements. Highly caffeinated energy beverages can cause dangerous heart problems-some contain more than <a href="https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2018/02/28/10/46/stimulant-containing-energy-drinks" id="290fc790-4e54-3706-a9f2-244af4bf8856"> 300 milligrams </a> , not far off the 500 milligrams Dr. Bunch uses in the lab to induce abnormal heart rhythms. Those effects amplify with exercise.

And supplements may have hidden cardiovascular dangers-a 2018 <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2706496" id="23251b66-3760-345f-a520-6708efef65da"> </a> <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2706496" id="b7cc16f6-6c0b-3294-ae71-89098fd3bc56"> JAMA </a> <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2706496" id="ae6f1cb8-ce9b-3fe2-a80e-c4c0899812a8"> study </a> found unapproved ingredients in nearly 800 muscle-building, weight-loss, or sexual enhancement supplements, including anabolic steroids and sibutramine, pulled from the market in 2010 due to heart risks.

Moving up in age groups? Resist the urge to boost your performance with testosterone, Dr. Bunch advises. Too-high levels of the hormone can also thicken the wall of your heart, further increasing your risk of abnormal rhythms.

Above all, dont let any of this scare you out of a fitness routine altogether. Those physical activity guidelines? More than three-fourths of Americans dont even reach the minimum. Though he advocates striking a healthy balance, we spend almost all our time telling people to please exercise, Dr. Bunch says.

Heart risks are still the greatest in people who never leave the couch, he notes. And if you do happen to have a heart attack or other serious issue, your prognosis is generally better if youre fit than if youre inactive, Dr. Trivax says.

What You Need to Know About Athlete's Heart

There's no doubt that exercise benefits your cardiovascular health and pretty much every other part of your <a href="https://www.menshealth.com/health/a26522316/benefits-of-running/" id="92cef0c4-8bf2-3dc1-a7e1-8d182b64edf0"> body </a> . Just like your quad or your bicep responds to training, putting your cardiac muscle under controlled stress allows it to adapt and strengthen, becoming more powerful and efficient.

What Serious Runners and Lifters Should Know About 'Athlete's Heart'

While its not completely clear how much running contributes to weight loss-some <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4067491/" id="3ad5a8fb-618d-35f8-a9e4-70deace4237a"> </a> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4067491/" id="6be8e8af-ff73-39bd-a073-73e03431f4c9"> studies </a> show its more effective than walking, while other <a href="https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/49/15/967.full" id="9d5b8e09-2320-35e4-ace3-7e277ef74626"> </a> <a href="https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/49/15/967.full" id="cf88ba52-b570-325f-a8eb-960cb22b328c"> researchers </a> argue you cannot outrun a bad diet-reams of research backs its other health perks.

There are immediate daily benefits for your life today, and if you keep it up, you can ward off more serious illnesses for years to come, says <a href="https://www.drmarksdesk.com/" id="b68983a5-eaaa-3890-acfe-465b87129ffd"> Mark Cucuzzella, M.D </a> ., professor at West Virginia University School of Medicine and author of <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Run-Your-Life-Without-Well-Being-ebook/dp/B077LTQGPJ/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1550763907" id="cbcaad09-27f3-3a17-aa54-a9de6c632d1d"> Run for Your Life </a> . On average, runners may <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033062017300488" id="1b8cd6ca-7bd8-32b3-a8d6-90310b17ec1f"> live </a> anywhere from three to six <a href="https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/177/7/683/91486" id="a1c31d49-b765-308f-ab5c-95eb85c53471"> years </a> longer, research suggests.

Here are a few of the biggest benefits to your body when you take to the road, path, or trail.

In a small <a href="https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Abstract/2016/08000/Interval_Running_Training_Improves_Cognitive.4.aspx" id="2472f7bc-c2f3-335a-a33a-965642f1e306"> study </a> of young adults, seven weeks of running intervals boosted not only aerobic fitness but also cognitive flexibility-the brains ability to transition quickly between tasks. <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0033294118786688" id="6d07304a-4fd7-3bc4-a3a8-84a437e8bc58"> </a> <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0033294118786688" id="64922459-1de3-3686-a139-2b999139c665"> Another </a> found hitting the treadmill, even at a slower speed, for just 15 minutes improved peoples ability to memorize lists of words on a cognitive test.

Whats more, its the only method proven to prevent Alzheimers, Dr. Metzl says-indeed, in a 2014 <a href="https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad141929" id="ed3af86f-edce-3e55-a29a-e45275366e7c"> study </a> , people who ran more than <a href="https://www.j-alz.com/node/52900" id="2ca2b2b9-e131-34ef-a657-504c9ee52de2"> 15 miles </a> per week had about a 40 percent lower risk of dying of the condition over an 11-year period. <a href="https://www.j-alz.com/node/52900" id="96165a1e-68ce-35f5-a5d2-2530a795d567"> </a>

One potential mechanism: Running seems to <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043276013001781" id="07e57b7f-a021-31cd-a83c-a94c8a6411f9"> </a> <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043276013001781" id="f339792e-9cb5-3728-a2d2-365e09b64f8c"> boost </a> levels of something called BDNF, or brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which stimulates the growth of new neurons, Dr. Cucuzzella says. In addition, the brains of endurance athletes seem to be <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5147411/" id="860aae58-2d7d-3ad9-a575-8c81384b5caf"> </a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5147411/" id="a2bea7f6-7485-351a-ab94-7db25c186472"> wired differently </a> , suggesting running has the power to strengthen neural connections linked to higher-level brain functions.

<h1> A stronger cardiovascular system </h1>

Yes, sudden cardiac deaths sometimes occur during long-distance races. But overall, regular runners had a 30 percent lower risk of dying of heart disease over a 15-year period, found one large <a href="http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/64/5/472" id="6ef1c19f-3e95-3aa5-a1dd-ad878fc3cb2d"> </a> <a href="http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/64/5/472" id="25185824-afce-3559-a139-7a496de6228d"> study </a> of more than 55,000 people. And the more moderate-to-vigorous exercise you get, the lower your <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6201385/" id="9d8a96ef-ba38-3053-a5f0-592d17ac5f20"> levels </a> of biomarkers linked to heart disease, including inflammatory compounds Creactive protein and interleukin6.

It takes more than a strong heart to pump blood throughout the body. You also have <a href="https://www.fi.edu/heart/blood-vessels" id="b62e57bd-fc82-3400-a465-634c1cda5002"> 60,000 mile </a> s of blood vessels that have to function well to deliver nourishing, oxygenating fluids to your muscles and organs. Fortunately, running helps there too-older athletes blood vessels <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/06/000629074420.htm" id="3a59b8ac-3ea1-3ee0-a8d5-34b43bfadfad"> </a> <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/06/000629074420.htm" id="692f1c68-18bd-381f-a39d-46a4abde41a1"> function </a> as well as those of people half their age.

Your endothelial function-the ability of the tissue lining your blood vessels to contract and relax properly-also seems to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15831361" id="3c5dfa55-d528-3b41-a24f-7a0a4bba745f"> improve </a> the more you stride. One contributing factor? Running-especially If you log your miles outside in the sun-prompts your body to produce more <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14599231" id="d3e03fb8-08cd-38e8-a7ff-6b750684719f"> nitric oxide </a> , a powerful vasodilator, Dr. Cucuzzella says.

The more you run, the more energy-generating mitochondria you sprout inside your cells, and the better those tiny power factories function. Mitochondria play a key role in helping your body transform glucose into energy, in part by regulating secretion of the hormone <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4020716/" id="b08aec8b-95ce-3000-a70c-21ee8f03d7d2"> </a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4020716/" id="3e946ef6-9d63-3058-a12e-9674f55190fa"> insulin </a> . So, the more mighty mitos you procure, the better your body is at regulating your blood sugar and warding off type 2 diabetes, Dr. Cucuzzella says.

Research backs him up: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory scientists <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23559628" id="b831c847-7d96-3709-a5a5-c8355da50e77"> </a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23559628" id="5c8bb670-d738-3ba5-aee0-f23cf33b92c3"> found </a> that over six years of follow-up, runners decreased their risk of developing diabetes by 12 percent compared to people who didnt work out.

And, if you already have diabetes, running can improve your blood glucose control and keep you healthier, longer. In one decade-long <a href="https://insights.ovid.com/pubmed?pmid=24968127" id="bb6b0c1f-0ed3-366a-ae6e-5bc3159bd960"> study </a> , people with the condition who ran or walked were less likely to die of everything from heart disease and kidney disease to sepsis and pneumonia.

Nearly every runners had to deal with friends and family expressing concern for their delicate knees. The idea that youre going to run your knees into the ground sounds good, but its not true, Dr. Metzl says.

In fact, large studies have show runners actually have a <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27333572" id="f4878969-13e6-320a-a6a3-2c1c15cb65cd"> </a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27333572" id="6360d51a-58a2-35a1-ac00-3a0905d90a11"> lower </a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27519678" id="116b13b7-b333-3820-a6cf-3aef4cbc4939"> </a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27519678" id="196afd3c-1fb2-36b7-a1d3-532ae864a6be"> chance </a> of developing osteoarthritis than other people-and the sport doesnt even <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29728929" id="53d476dd-998f-36e7-af0b-ae0960c9e3b0"> </a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29728929" id="f85de63c-1249-305c-ae5d-2594b4e41fa6"> worsen </a> the disease in people who already have it.

Why? Runners leaner frames put less pressure on joints, and repetitive loading of the knees and hips actually strengthens cartilage, Dr. Metzl says. Also, new evidence <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27699484" id="f892f8af-1223-3049-ae5e-a8a40b51159c"> suggests </a> running may decrease levels of inflammatory chemicals implicated in the development of degenerative joint disease.

<h1> Less chance of developing-or dying-of cancer </h1>

Exercising regularly can reduce your risk of approximately <a href="https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/exercise-linked-with-lower-risk-of-13-types-of-cancer.html" id="2f1de74b-1ac9-37aa-a956-9d2d6db4aed9"> 13 </a> types of cancer, Dr. Metzl says. Running specifically has proven powerful in both reducing the risk of a new diagnosis and improving the prognosis of those affected by the disease.

For example, according to a <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23863620" id="d4b77256-f598-32b3-a41f-1f60567791c4"> study </a> published in Medicine &amp; Science in Sports &amp; Exercise, people who used running to meet the governments physical activity guidelines had a 61 percent reduced risk of kidney cancer, and cut that rate even lower if they ran more.

Another, in the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24470442" id="5c8c862c-c285-3faf-a5e0-8a711a9f295c"> International Journal of Cancer </a> , suggested women with breast cancer had a lower risk of dying of the disease if they ran regularly than if they walked instead. And either activity seems to reduce the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24091993" id="5ce62be7-af65-36d0-acbd-35c3b44bdb46"> risk </a> of dying of brain cancer.

Scientists are still working to untangle the exact mechanisms. Reduced levels of hormones like estrogen and insulin in regular runners may play a role. Another <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(16)30003-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1550413116300031%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" id="e876b68f-ca25-324e-ad8f-1dd98e6d66d3"> </a> <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(16)30003-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1550413116300031%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" id="3483f93b-4665-3636-a911-b9870b9df945"> theory </a> , supported by animal research, holds that the epinephrine released while running stimulates the production of natural-killer immune cells.

<h1> A slowdown of the aging process </h1>

Not only do runners often live longer, they also tend to spend their later years in better health-a phenomenon called, in catchy medical terms, compression of morbidity.

In one 21-year <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/770349" id="742cb2c9-71c3-3097-a97c-2ce6f6fc0d5e"> </a> <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/770349" id="ee9db4fc-5903-3176-ac0f-1f276f3717f4"> study </a> , runners had lower scores on test measuring disability, whereas non-runners experienced significant difficulty performing at least one task associated with regular daily functioning.

Running may even keep you younger deep down at the cellular level. In a <a href="https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/40/1/34/5193508" id="7fe6a4b3-30dd-3b68-ad0e-8cc25081a185"> 2018 </a> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/40/1/34/5193508" id="06760d10-ba24-3e54-a527-e21998edd9ea"> study </a> published in the European Heart Journal, endurance exercise-which includes running-increased both the production of an enzyme called telomerase and the length of telomeres, DNA sequences that cap our chromosomes and protect cells from age-related decline.

What Are the Primary Benefits of Running?

Sports medicine physician and fitness instructor <a href="https://drjordanmetzl.com/" id="75119555-318f-3328-ab3b-0e9737cd15d7"> Jordan Metzl, M.D </a> ., teaches a seminar for medical students at Cornell University called prescribing the medicine of exercise. And when it comes to exactly how to administer this wonder-drug, the most time-efficient exercise for most people is running, he says.

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Cindy Kuzma

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