Parker will lead boyhood club the Broncos in his 16th season after debuting in 2001, succeeding retired club-great Justin Hodges.
The 33-year-old Queensland Maroons star, who has amassed 323 appearances for the Broncos and won the 2006 premiership, shared the captaincy with Hodges in 2014 before Wayne Bennett returned to Brisbane last season.
"To come to this club when I finished school in 1999 and to be here leading 17 years later is something very special," Parker said in a news conference.
Bennett added: "He epitomises what all the Bronco captains that I have appointed here do and that is lead from the front.
"He has a great ability to communicate but his actions are stronger than his words.
"Corey does a great job in that department.
"He has had the respect of the players here for a long period of time, which is really important in that job.
"He will lead them with actions more than his words."
Parker and the Broncos open the 2016 season at the Parramatta Eels on March 3.