Carrying the longest active streak without a win on the tour, Chalmers endured a difficult final round but did enough to hold off Gary Woodland.
The Australian, making his 386th PGA Tour start, finished on 43 points, six clear of Woodland in Reno, Nevada.
Chalmers and Woodland only gained four points in their final rounds in tricky conditions at the Montreux Golf and Country Club.
With his win, the 42-year-old Chalmers gained a spot at The Open at Royal Troon from July 14-17.
Chalmers battled during his last round, mixing five bogeys with two birdies and an eagle – the latter coming on the final hole.
Colt Knost was outright third on 35 points, one ahead of Tim Herron and clear of Brendan Steele (32 points) and Steve Wheatcroft (32).